AI as Extraherics: Fostering Higher-order Thinking Skills in Human-AI Interaction

"over-reliance on AI... may lead to human deskilling and diminished cognitive engagement... to accept information given by AI without performing critical examinations... misleading users with hallucinated contents... [hence] extraheric AI... conceptual framework that fosters users' higher-order thinking ... creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving... by posing questions or providing alternative perspectives ... promoting a balanced partnership between humans and AI"

Via Ross Dawson on LinkedIn: Latin extraho: "to draw forth or pull out... interaction strategies ... suggested in the paper include:

• Suggesting & Recommending: proposes ideas, viewpoints, or solutions, prompting users to evaluate and choose from multiple suggestions.
• The AI provides detailed explanations... help users deepen their understanding... rather than providing direct solutions
• Nudging: The AI subtly influences user behavior by presenting additional information or perspectives indirectly, encouraging exploration without overtly recommending a specific path.
• Users engage in debates or discussions with AI agents... encouraging users to explore diverse perspectives and think critically.
• Questioning: ... open-ended, thought-provoking questions stimulate cognitive engagement, expanding users’ thinking by challenging their assumptions or viewpoints.
• Scaffolding... temporary support ... through complex tasks... gradually removing the assistance as users become more competent.
• Simulating: The AI simulates different scenarios... users practice skills or experience situations from a different point of view
• Demonstrating... showcasing behavior or task completion, ... users learn ... by watching the AI